Beethoven’s genome sequenced

Using DNA from locks of Beethoven’s hair, an international team of researchers suggest that the composer died from liver disease brought on by a combination of factors nearly 200 years ago


Ludwig van Beethoven 
Dec 16, 1770- Mar 26, 1827

Stumpff Lock, from which genome was sequenced


LIVER CONDITION

Genetic predisposition: Mutations in two genes – PNPLA3 and HFE – would have tripled risk for liver disease

Viral infection: Presence of Hepatitis B virus in DNA indicates liver infection few months before death
New findings suggest genetics, viral infection and Beethoven’s high alcohol consumption, likely caused liver failure widely believed to have killed him at age 56

   
DEAFNESS

Beethoven suffered progressive hearing loss, which began in late 20s and led to his being deaf by 44

No genetic evidence found for conditions hypothesised by some experts such as otosclerosis or Paget’s disease


DIGESTIVE ISSUES

Beethoven’s gastrointestinal problems not caused by coeliac disease or lactose intolerance, genomic data shows


Sources: Current Biology, Cambridge University, Reuters
Pictures: Newscom, Getty Images, Kevin Brown/University of Cambridge
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