Peddling passports for citizenship
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Over the past decade, as many as 4,000 Russians obtained so-called “golden visas” in EU member states by investing more than €3 billion in property, government bonds or other assets
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Citizenship-by-investment schemes (minimum costs)

Ireland  €500,000

UK: Scheme scrapped. 2,581 visas to Russians, 2008-20
£2 million

Spain: 14 visas to Russians in Jan 2022 
€500,000

Estonia
€100,000

Latvia
€80,000

Portugal:Scheme suspended for Russian citizens 
€280,000

Italy
€500,000

Malta: Russians now excluded 
€600,000

Greece: Scheme scrapped 
€250,000

Cyprus: Scheme scrapped 
€300,000

Netherlands
€1.25 million

Hungary
€300,000

Czech Rep.:Scheme scrapped 
€100,000

Bulgaria: Ban proposed €127,000


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Sources: Bloomberg, Golden Investor Visa, Transparency International
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