EU sets strict emissions targets
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Carmakers must cut average fleet emissions to less than 95 grammes per kilometre of CO2 from 2021, or face a €95 fine for every gramme of CO2 that exceeds the target, multiplied by the number of cars sold
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Average CO2 emissions are rising
(g/km, passenger cars in 21 EU countries plus Norway and Switzerland)

136.2  132.3  126.8  123.3  119.2  117.8  118.1  120.5

2011  2012  2013 2014 2015 2016  2017  2018

2011: Diesel car market share peaks at 55%

2015, Dieselgate: VW admits emissions defeat devices were installed in over two million cars

2018: CO2 emissions rise as consumers shun diesels which typically emit one fifth less carbon than petrol cars

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Average CO2 emissions (g/km in 2018, percentage change since 2014)
95g/km target

107.7 109.1 118.8 119.2 123.7 125.6 127.6 128.9 130.0 139.6

DOWN  UP  DOWN  UP   UP  DOWN DOWN DOWN  UP   UP 
1.7% 0.7% 4.5% 1.9% 2.0% 4.7% 4.8% 4.3% 3.8% 6.1%

Peugeot Renault VW  Fiat  Ford Opel/Vauxhall Audi BMW Volvo Mercedes- Benz
 (PSA)              (FCA)         (PSA)

 €30bn potential cost to industry (VW)
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Sources: Financial Times, Jato Dynamics, Reuters © GRAPHIC NEWS