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<chapter>
<customColour>#3d3d3d</customColour>
<headline><![CDATA[How World War One redrew the map of the Middle East]]></headline>
<source><![CDATA[Sources: The Balfour Project by Mary Grey, Maps in Time, The National Archives, University of Michigan]]></source>
<txt0><![CDATA[CASPIAN SEA]]></txt0>
<txt1><![CDATA[Tehran]]></txt1>
<txt2><![CDATA[Cairo]]></txt2>
<txt3><![CDATA[AFGHANISTAN]]></txt3>
<txt4><![CDATA[PERSIAN GULF]]></txt4>
<txt5><![CDATA[RED SEA]]></txt5>
<txt6><![CDATA[50 miles<br>80km]]></txt6>
<txt7><![CDATA[Aden]]></txt7>
<txt8><![CDATA[ARABIAN SEA]]></txt8>
<txt9><![CDATA[Constantinople]]></txt9>
<txt10><![CDATA[RUSSIAN<br>EMPIRE]]></txt10>
<txt11><![CDATA[<b>RUSSIAN EMPIRE</b><br><b>1917:</b> Revolution<br>topples monarchy<br><b>1922:</b> Union of Soviet<br>Socialist Republics<br>(USSR) formed]]></txt11>
<txt12><![CDATA[OTTOMAN<br>EMPIRE]]></txt12>
<txt13><![CDATA[Aleppo]]></txt13>
<txt14><![CDATA[<b>1916-23:</b></br>Italian influence]]></txt14>
<txt15><![CDATA[GREATER<br>SYRIA]]></txt15>
<txt16><![CDATA[Mosul]]></txt16>
<txt17><![CDATA[Detail<br>below]]></txt17>
<txt18><![CDATA[Damascus]]></txt18>
<txt19><![CDATA[<b>1907-21:</b> Russian</br>influence ]]></txt19>
<txt20><![CDATA[<b>LIBYA<br>1912-27:</b> Italian</br>North Africa]]></txt20>
<txt21><![CDATA[Baghdad]]></txt21>
<txt22><![CDATA[PERSIA]]></txt22>
<txt23><![CDATA[<b>1907-21:</b></br>British<br>occupation]]></txt23>
<txt24><![CDATA[<b>EGYPT</br>1882:</b> British control</br><b>1914:</b> British protectorate]]></txt24>
<txt25><![CDATA[Medina]]></txt25>
<txt26><![CDATA[Mecca]]></txt26>
<txt27><![CDATA[Riyadh]]></txt27>
<txt28><![CDATA[<b>ARABIA<br>1915:</b> British-backed<br><i>Wahhabis</i> and <i>Abd<br>al-Aziz ibn Saud join<br>fight against Ottomans]]></txt28>
<txt29><![CDATA[<b>QATAR</br>1916:</b> Control<br>shifts to Britain]]></txt29>
<txt30><![CDATA[<b>OMAN</br>1891:</b><br>Treaty<br>with<br>Britain]]></txt30>
<txt31><![CDATA[NORTH<br>YEMEN]]></txt31>
<txt32><![CDATA[Sanaa]]></txt32>
<txt33><![CDATA[<b>HADHRAMAUT</br>1888:</b> British</br>protectorate]]></txt33>
<txt34><![CDATA[<b>ERITREA</br>1890-1947:</b></br>Italian Eritrea ]]></txt34>
<txt35><![CDATA[<b>ADEN</br>1839:</b> British protectorate]]></txt35>
<txt36><![CDATA[Mediterranean</br>Sea]]></txt36>
<txt37><![CDATA[Damascus]]></txt37>
<txt38><![CDATA[Haifa]]></txt38>
<txt39><![CDATA[Tel</br>Aviv]]></txt39>
<txt40><![CDATA[Amman]]></txt40>
<txt41><![CDATA[TRANS-JORDAN]]></txt41>
<txt42><![CDATA[Dead<br>Sea]]></txt42>
<txt43><![CDATA[Jerusalem]]></txt43>
<txt44><![CDATA[1916: Palestine under Sykes-Picot]]></txt44>

<txt45><![CDATA[Istanbul]]></txt45>
<txt46><![CDATA[<b>TURKEY</br>1923:</b> Republic of Turkey established<br><b>1974:</b> Turkey invades Cyprus]]></txt46>
<txt47><![CDATA[Ankara]]></txt47>
<txt48><![CDATA[<b>1991:</b> Breakup<br>of USSR<br><b>TURKMENISTAN</b>]]></txt48>
<txt49><![CDATA[CYPRUS]]></txt49>
<txt50><![CDATA[Aleppo]]></txt50>
<txt51><![CDATA[Mosul]]></txt51>
<txt52><![CDATA[<b>LEBANON</br>1943:</b></br>Independence]]></txt52>
<txt53><![CDATA[<b>SYRIA</b>]]></txt53>
<txt54><![CDATA[<b>IRAQ<br>1932:</b> Independence]]></txt54>
<txt55><![CDATA[Baghdad]]></txt55>
<txt56><![CDATA[<b>IRAN<br>1935:</b> Persia<br>renamed Iran<br><b>1979:</b> Shah ousted<br>in Islamic Revolution]]></txt56>
<txt57><![CDATA[<b>JORDAN<br>1946:</b> Independence]]></txt57>
<txt58><![CDATA[<b>LIBYA<br>1951:</b> Independence]]></txt58>
<txt59><![CDATA[HEJAZ]]></txt59>
<txt60><![CDATA[<b>KUWAIT<br>1961:</b> Independence<br>from Britain]]></txt60>
<txt61><![CDATA[NEJD]]></txt61>
<txt62><![CDATA[Medina]]></txt62>
<txt63><![CDATA[Riyadh]]></txt63>
<txt64><![CDATA[UAE]]></txt64>
<txt65><![CDATA[Mecca]]></txt65>
<txt66><![CDATA[<b>SAUDI ARABIA<br>1924-25:</b> Ibn Saud<br>seizes Hejaz region<br><b>1932:</b> Ibn Saud forms<br>Kingdom of<br>Saudi Arabia]]></txt66>
<txt67><![CDATA[<b>QATAR, OMAN<br>1971:</b> Independence<br><b>1972:</b> United Arab<br>Emirates created]]></txt67>
<txt68><![CDATA[Sanaa]]></txt68>
<txt69><![CDATA[<b>YEMEN<br>1918:</b> Independence for north<br><b>1967:</b> Independence for Aden<br>protectorate and Hadhramaut<br><b>1990:</b> Unification]]></txt69>
<txt70><![CDATA[LEBANON]]></txt70>
<txt71><![CDATA[<b>SYRIA</b><br><i>Golan<br>Heights</i>]]></txt71>
<txt72><![CDATA[Tel Aviv]]></txt72>
<txt73><![CDATA[Amman]]></txt73>
<txt74><![CDATA[Gaza<br>Strip]]></txt74>
<txt75><![CDATA[West<br>Bank]]></txt75>
<txt76><![CDATA[ISRAEL]]></txt76>
<txt77><![CDATA[Jerusalem]]></txt77>
<txt78><![CDATA[Sinai:<br>Occupied<br>until 1982]]></txt78>
<txt79><![CDATA[EGYPT]]></txt79>
<txt80><![CDATA[JORDAN]]></txt80>
<txt81><![CDATA[1967: Israel and occupied territories<br>following Six-Day War]]></txt81>
<txt82><![CDATA[<img align='left' src='images/pic1.jpg' width='195' height='130' hspace='0' vspace='0' /><b><font color="#3d3d3d" size="+1">Oct 1915</font></b><br>British diplomat <i><b>Sir Henry McMahon</b> (above)</i> encourages ruler of Mecca, <b><i>Sharif Hussein ibn Ali</i></b>, to join fight against  Ottoman Empire. In return, London will back Hussein’s ambitions to create independent Arab state that will include Arabian peninsula, Palestine, modern-day Syria and Iraq]]></txt82>
<txt83><![CDATA[<img align='left' src='images/pic2.jpg' width='195' height='114' hspace='0' vspace='0' /><font color="#3d3d3d" size="+1"><b>Secret deal</b></font><br><b><i>Sir Mark Sykes</i></b> <i>(above left)</i>, representing Britain, and <i><b>François Georges-Picot</b></i>, of France, agree to divide Ottoman Empire’s Middle Eastern territories into their own zones of influence. <b>Agreement grants much of Hussein’s proposed Arab state to British and French</b>]]></txt83>
<txt84><![CDATA[<img align='left' src='images/pic3.jpg' width='195' height='130' hspace='0' vspace='0' /><font color="#3d3d3d" size="+1"><b>Arab Revolt</b></font><br>From June 1916, Hussein’s Arab forces, backed by British advisers including <b><i>T.E. Lawrence</i></b> (above), wage guerrilla war, pushing Ottoman troops out of Mecca and Medina.<br><b>Oct 1918: Arab and British Empire forces capture Damascus and Aleppo, ending four centuries of Ottoman rule</b>]]></txt84>
<txt85><![CDATA[<img align='left' src='images/pic4.jpg' width='195' height='130' hspace='0' vspace='0' /><b><font color="#3d3d3d" size="+1">1917</font></b><br><b>Balfour Declaration:</b> Lord Balfour writes that Britain <br><b><i>"will view with favour the establishment in Palestine <br>of a national home for the Jewish people".</i></b> <br>Declaration is adopted in <b>Treaty of Sèvres at Paris Peace Conference</b>]]></txt85>
<txt86><![CDATA[<img align='left' src='images/pic5.jpg' width='180' height='185' hspace='0' vspace='0' /><b><font color="#3d3d3d" size="+1">Jan 1919</font></br>Paris Peace Conference:</b><br><i>(Top left)</i> <b><i>David Lloyd George</i></b> of Britain, (top right) <b><i>Vittorio Orlando</i></b> of Italy, (below left) <b><i>Georges Clemenceau</i></b> of France, and (below right) U.S. President <b><i>Woodrow Wilson</i></b>. Big Four make all major decisions, including drafting of treaties which redraw post-war boundaries, and plan to form <b><i>League of Nations</i></b>]]></txt86>
<txt87><![CDATA[<b><font color="#3d3d3d" size="+1"><br>1920</font><br>Treaty of Sèvres:</b> Carves up former Ottoman territories. <b><i>Palestine</i></b> and <b><i>Trans-Jordan</i></b> become League of Nations mandates administered by Britain, <b><i>Greater Syria</i></b> is administered by France. In 1921 <b><i>British Mandate of Iraq</i></b> is created. In 1926 revolt in <b><i>French Mandate of Greater Syria</i></b> leads to creation of French colony of <b><i>Lebanon</i></b>]]></txt87>
<txt88><![CDATA[<img align='left' src='images/pic6.jpg' width='195' height='130' hspace='0' vspace='0' /><b><font color="#3d3d3d" size="+1">1948</font></b> <br>British Mandate in Palestine ends. Birth of Israel triggers Arab-Israeli War. 750,000 Arabs fled or were expelled from their homes. British wartime leader <b><i>Winston Churchill</i></b> (above) describes transition to Jewish state as <b><i>"a hell-disaster"</i></b><br /><br /><br />Pictures: Associated Press, Getty Images, Université de Montréal (Georges-Picot), British Army (T.E. Lawrence)]]></txt88>
<txt89><![CDATA[<b>1914:</b> Ottoman Empire at start of 1914-18 World War]]></txt89>
<txt90><![CDATA[1916: Sykes-Picot Agreement]]></txt90>
<txt91><![CDATA[<img align='left' src='images/key0.png' width='54' height='70' hspace='0' vspace='0' /> <b>1914:</b> Ottoman Empire at start of 1914-18 World War<br><br><br><hr><b>1916: Sykes-Picot Agreement</b><br><br><img align='left' src='images/key1.png' width='45' height='25' hspace='0' vspace='0' /> Direct French rule<br><br>
<img align='left' src='images/key2.png' width='45' height='25' hspace='0' vspace='0' /> French protection<br><br>
<img align='left' src='images/key3.png' width='45' height='25' hspace='0' vspace='0' /> Direct British rule<br><br>
<img align='left' src='images/key4.png' width='45' height='25' hspace='0' vspace='0' /> British protection<br><br><hr>
<img align='left' src='images/key5.png' width='45' height='25' hspace='0' vspace='0' /> Protection of Britain France and Russia<br><br>
<img align='left' src='images/key6.png' width='45' height='25' hspace='0' vspace='0' /> Italian possessions/ influence<br><br>
<img align='left' src='images/key7.png' width='45' height='25' hspace='0' vspace='0' /> Russian influence]]></txt91>
<txt92><![CDATA[Haifa]]></txt92>
<txt93><![CDATA[Oman]]></txt93>
<txt94><![CDATA[<b>EGYPT<br>1922:</b> Independence]]></txt94>
<txt95><![CDATA[BEFORE]]></txt95>
<txt96><![CDATA[AFTER]]></txt96>
<txt97><![CDATA[Key]]></txt97>
<txt98><![CDATA[Damascus]]></txt98>
</chapter>