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<chapter>
<headline><![CDATA[Bosphorus rail tunnel links Europe and Asia]]></headline>
<stand><![CDATA[First conceived in 1860, a tunnel linking the continents of Europe and Asia has finally opened in Istanbul. Work on the $4.5bn project began in 2004 but faced delays for archaeological excavations of a 5th century port]]></stand>
<source><![CDATA[Source: Marmaray]]></source>
<txt0><![CDATA[Golden Horn]]></txt0>
<txt1><![CDATA[Bosphorus]]></txt1>
<txt2><![CDATA[ISTANBUL]]></txt2>
<txt3><![CDATA[Üsküdar]]></txt3>
<txt4><![CDATA[Sirkeci]]></txt4>
<txt5><![CDATA[Topkapi<br>Palace]]></txt5>
<txt6><![CDATA[EUROPE]]></txt6>
<txt7><![CDATA[ASIA]]></txt7>
<txt8><![CDATA[Yenikapi]]></txt8>
<txt9><![CDATA[Aya Sofia]]></txt9>
<txt10><![CDATA[Port]]></txt10>
<txt11><![CDATA[Blue Mosque]]></txt11>
<txt12><![CDATA[1km]]></txt12>
<txt13><![CDATA[<b>Stations:</b> Yenikapi]]></txt13>
<txt14><![CDATA[Sirkeci]]></txt14>
<txt15><![CDATA[Üsküdar]]></txt15>
<txt16><![CDATA[<b>Bore tunnels</b><br>One tunnel in each direction,<br>drilled through rock]]></txt16>
<txt17><![CDATA[<b>Immersed tunnel</b></br>Crosses deepest parts</br>of Istanbul Strait]]></txt17>
<txt18><![CDATA[CLICK</br>TO VIEW]]></txt18>
<txt19><![CDATA[Trench]]></txt19>
<txt20><![CDATA[Gravel bed]]></txt20>
<txt21><![CDATA[Designed to withstand magnitude 9.0 earthquake]]></txt21>
<txt22><![CDATA[Rail<br>tunnels]]></txt22>
<txt23><![CDATA[Sand/rock backfill]]></txt23>
<txt24><![CDATA[Maximum<br>depth<br>56m]]></txt24>
<txt25><![CDATA[<img align='left' src='images/number1.jpg' width='30' height='26' hspace='0' vspace='0' />Tunnel sections towed to site. Temporary bulkheads at each end prevent flooding]]></txt25>
<txt26><![CDATA[<img align='left' src='images/number2.jpg' width='30' height='26' hspace='0' vspace='0' />Sections lowered into prepared trench and <br>butted up to preceding  <br>section]]></txt26>
<txt27><![CDATA[<img align='left' src='images/number3.jpg' width='30' height='26' hspace='0' vspace='0' />Backfill and <br>protective layer <br>laid over top]]></txt27>
</chapter>